行為主義的心理咨詢(xún)
行為主義的心理咨詢(xún)Behavioral psychological counseling
行為主義的心理咨詢(xún)是以學(xué)習(xí)理論和行為療法理論為依據(jù)的心理咨詢(xún)，認(rèn)為人的問(wèn)題行為、癥狀是由錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)知與學(xué)習(xí)所導(dǎo)致的，主張把心理咨詢(xún)的著眼點(diǎn)放在來(lái)訪(fǎng)者當(dāng)前的行為問(wèn)題上，注重當(dāng)前某一特殊行為問(wèn)題的學(xué)習(xí)和解決、以促進(jìn)問(wèn)題行為的改變、消失或新的行為的獲得。行為主義的創(chuàng)始人是華生，但對(duì)心理咨詢(xún)產(chǎn)生較大影響的卻是巴甫洛夫的經(jīng)典條件反射、斯金納的操作條件反射和班杜拉的社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)理論。
Behavioral psychological counseling is based on learning theory and behavioral therapy theory, believing that a person's problematic behavior and symptoms are caused by incorrect cognition and learning. It advocates that the focus of psychological counseling should be on the current behavioral problem of the visitor, emphasizing the learning and resolution of a specific behavioral problem, in order to promote the change, disappearance, or acquisition of new behaviors. The founder of behaviorism was Watson, but it was Pavlov's classical conditioning, Skinner's operant conditioning, and Bandura's social learning theory that had a significant impact on psychological counseling.
巴甫洛夫用狗做實(shí)驗(yàn)，當(dāng)狗吃食物時(shí)會(huì)引起唾液分泌，這是無(wú)條件反射。如果給狗以鈴聲不會(huì)引起唾液分泌，但是如果給狗以鈴聲時(shí)即喂食，這樣結(jié)合多次后，單獨(dú)聽(tīng)到鈴聲狗也會(huì)分泌唾液。原來(lái)與唾液分泌無(wú)關(guān)的刺激物——鈴聲，變成了引起唾液分泌這種無(wú)條件反射的無(wú)條件刺激物——食物信號(hào)，轉(zhuǎn)化為信號(hào)刺激物，引起唾液分泌。如果形成的條件反射不予強(qiáng)型槽模具 一次性止血帶 保定水處理設(shè)備 一次性止血帶 保定空壓機(jī) 北京真空泵化和保持，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生條件反射的消退。對(duì)于在無(wú)意識(shí)中的條件反射所形成的不良習(xí)慣、心理問(wèn)題、心身障礙等，在咨詢(xún)時(shí)可以使用反條件刺激予以清除和擊退。
Pavlov conducted experiments with dogs, and when dogs eat food, it causes saliva secretion, which is an unconditional reflex. If a dog is given a bell, it will not cause saliva secretion, but if it is given a bell and fed immediately, after multiple combinations, the dog will also secrete saliva when it hears the bell alone. The stimulus that was originally unrelated to saliva secretion, the bell, has become an unconditional stimulus that triggers the unconditional reflex of saliva secretion - the food signal, which is converted into a signal stimulus and causes saliva secretion. If the formed conditioned reflex is not strengthened and maintained, it will result in the extinction of the conditioned reflex. For bad habits, psychological problems, and psychosomatic disorders formed by unconscious conditioned reflexes, counter conditioned stimuli can be used to clear and repel them during consultation.
